Citrus Scab

Pathogen :

[ fungus ] Elsinoe fawcettii

Symptoms :

Leaf & fruit –  young foliar lesions superficially resemble young citrus canker, may have a slight water soaked margin.  

As pustules develop, the small elevated pink spots become more defined and may form conical depressions nearby.  

When pustules mature, they become warty and crack.  

Scab pustules colour may progress to yellowish brown and eventually to a dirty grey.

Prevention and Control :

Citrus scab can be controlled using resistant cultivars, and by fungicide application.

   

Bintangor : Local Produce ( Citrus )

 Citrus reticulata

Limau Bintangor

民丹柑, 青皮柑

Citrus x sinensis
Limau madu

蜜柑

Citrus maxima

Limau bali

柚子

Garuda 芸香

Garudah is a Ruta angustifolia Pers, a shrub from the Rutaceae family. 

Ruta 芸香 is a strongly scented evergreen shrub.  There are some 40 species of rues, native to the Mediterranean, Macronesia and southwest Asia.  Extracts from rue had been used to treat eyestrain, sore eyes, and as insect repellent.  It is also used internally as an antispasmodic, as a treatment for menstrual problems, as an abortifacient, and as a sedative.

There are about 8 to 40 species in the genus.  Among them are : R. angustifolia, R. chalepensis, R. corsica, R. graveolens, R. montana.

The rue used by local Malay, known as gerudah  is probably  Ruta angustifolia (L.) Pers, the Egyptian rue  埃及芸香.  It’s common name may varied : garudah, aruda, sadal etc.  In Indonesia, it is known as inggu ( Sunda ), gogong minggu ( Jawa ), aruda.  In Vietnam it is luru.  

It can also be Ruta graveolens, the common rue,  also known as herb-of-grace.  Some considered R. graveolens Pers as a synonym for R.angustifolia auct.   Some even treated R. angustifolia as a variety of R. graveolens, or R. chalepensis.

Nevertheless, both R. graveolens and R. angustifolia are native to the Mediterranean region.  Both leaves, which are harvested for medical purpose, are bipinnate or tripinnate with blue-green colour and strong distasteful odor.  Flowers are however delightfully yellow.  It is incredibly bitter, almost unpalatable.   They has been used for medicinal and culinary purposes since ancient times.  It is propagated by seeds and cuttings.

Gerudah contains limonene, cineole, methyl-nonylketon, memodin, and rutin.  The seeds contain kokusaginine and skimmianine.

WEST-meet-EAST

「胡」指古代来自少数民族或外国的东西，如：胡椒、胡琴、胡萝卜等。张骞出使西域，引入不少西域土产，对中国文化带来极大影响。

西汉•胡椒 ( Pepper – Piper nigrum )

西汉•胡荽 ( 芫荽 Coriander - Coriandrum sativum )

西汉•胡桃 ( 核桃 Walnut – Juglans regia )

西汉•胡麻 ( 芝麻 Sesame – Sesamun indicum )

西汉•胡蒜 ( 大蒜 Garlic – Allium sativum )

西汉•胡豆 ( 蚕豆 Broad bean - Vicia faba )

西汉•胡瓜 ( 黄瓜 Cucumber – Cucumis sativus )

西汉•胡萝卜 ( Carrot – Daucus carota )

「番」指古代外国或来自外国的东西，如：吐番、番邦、番瓜、番菜、番茄、番薯等。

明朝•番薯 ( Sweet potato – Ipomoea batatas )

清朝•番茄 ( Tomato – Solanum lycopersicum )

「洋」指外国来的东西，如：洋胰子(肥皂)、洋毛子(洋鬼)、洋子、洋兵、洋楼、洋烟、洋货等。洋人，狭义指西洋人。与西洋的关系，始于丝绸之路。西汉张骞(164-114 BC)、东汉班超(32-102 AD)、唐朝玄奘(602-664 AD)都是经丝路到西域。自西汉以来，也已有商人由海路出洋贸易，远至中东。19世纪欧美各国反为列强，不断派遣宣教士来华，并带来先进科技、洋货。

晋朝•杨桃 ( 洋桃 Starfruit – Averrhoa carambola )

明朝•包菜 ( 洋白菜 Cabbage – Brassica oleracea Capitata)

清朝•洋葱 ( 玉葱 Onion - Allium cepa)

「红毛」形容西洋人(白人)的篾称。源于16-17世纪时福建闽南地区居民接触到的葡萄牙和荷兰人。荷兰曾占据台湾澎湖，至到1624年，被明军驱逐，转据台湾南部。西班牙则占据北部。后来荷兰与西班牙在东南亚展开竞争，西班牙败北，于1642年退出台湾。荷兰殖民台湾，直到1662年被明兵驱逐为止。「 红毛人」这历史名词一直沿用至今。

明朝•红毛榴莲 ( Soursop – Annona muricata )

Citrus is complicated

Citrus is a common term and genus of flowering plants in the rue family, Rutaceae.

The taxonomy of the genus is complex and the precise number of natural species is unclear, as many of the names species are clonally propagated hybrids. Some wild, true-breeding species are of hybrid species. Cultivated Citrus may be derived from as few as 4 ancestral species.

Citrus has been suggested to originated in S.E.Asia. Prior to human cultivation, it consisted of just few species : C. aurantifolia. C. maxima (柚), C. medica, C. reticulata (柑，橘), C. tifoliata / Poncirus trifolia (枳), C. australasica, C. australis, C. glauca, C. japonica / Fortunella japonica, C. halimii, C. indica, etc

Some popular hybrids and cutivars : Grapefruit, sweet orange, Buddha’s hand, blood orange, Clementine, ponkan, tangerine, lime, lemon, etc