Ongzi @ IOI ReachOut

 

https://www.ioiproperties.com.my/sites/default/files/publication/pdf/ReachOut22.pdf

https://www.ioiproperties.com.my/sites/default/files/publication/pdf/ReachOut27.pdf

An Apple Red as a Rose

The Daily Mail reports that the Redlove® Era® apple has arrived in Britain. The fruit trees are available for purchase in Britain, but it will be a year before the fruit hits supermarket shelves in the United States.

The apple is red on both the outside and the inside. The apple's red flesh also will not turn brown like that of other apples.

The Daily Mail says Mark Kobert, a Swiss fruit grower, spent 20 years cross-pollinating apples to come up with the Redlove. The BBC reports that the Redlove® was "created through the cross-pollination of Royal Gala ® and Braeburn® apples as well as a secret variety that has pink flesh."

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Insecticide

An insecticide is a pesticide used against insects. They include ovicides and larvicides used against the eggs and larvae of insects respectively. Insecticides are used in agriculture, medicine, industry and the household. .

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The use of insecticides is believes to be on of the major factors behind the increase in agricultural productivity in the 20^th century. Nearly all insecticide have the potential to significantly alter ecosystems ; many are toxic to humans; and others are concentrated in the food chain..

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Insecticide can be classified by activity, use, chemical family, or mode of action.

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Classification by Activity

1.Systemic insecticides are incorporated by treated plants. Insects ingest the insecticide while feeding on the plants.

2.Contact insecticides are toxic to insects brought into direct contact. Efficacy is often related to the quality of pesticide application, with small droplets often improving performance.

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Classification by Type of Chemical

1.Natural insecticides, such as nicotine, pyrethrum and neem extracts, are made by plants as defences against insects.

2.Organic insecticide are synthetic chemical derived from various carbon based chemical.
3.Inorganic insecticides are manufactured with metals, eg. Arsenates, copper compounds, fluorine compound, and sulfur.

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Classification by Mode of Action.

1.AChE ( Acetylcholinesterase ) inhibitors

- Carbamates, Organophosphates.

2.Sodium Channel Modulators

- Pyrethroids, Pyrethrins, DDT, Methoxychlor.

3.nAChR ( Niconinic Acetylcholine Receptor ) Agonists

- Nicotine, Neonicotinoids.

4.nAChR ( Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor ) Allosteric Activators

- Spinetoram, Spinosad.

5.nAChR ( Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor ) Channel blockers

- Bensulap, Cartap hybrochloride, Thiocyclam, Thiosultap sodium.

6.Chloride Channel Activators

- Abamectin, Emamectin benzoate, Milbemectin.

7.GABA-Gated Chloride Channel Antagonists

- Cyclodiene ( Chlordane, Endosulfan ), Phenylpyrazoles ( Ethiprole, Fipronil ).

8.Mitochondrial ATP Synthase inhibitors

- Diafenthiuron, Azocyclotin, Cyhexatin, Fenbutatin oxide, Propargite, Tetradifon. .

9.Mitochondrial Complex Electron Transport inhibitors

- Hydramethylnon, Aceqinocyl, Fluacrypyrim, Rotenone, Fenazaquin, Pyrimidifen, Cyanide, Phosphine, Cyenopyrafen.

10.Chitin Biosynthesis inhibitors

- Benzoylureas, Buprofezin.

11.Voltage-Dependent Sodium Channel blockers

- Indoxacarb, Metafulmizone.

12.Acetyl CoA Carboxylase inhibitors

- Spirodiclofen, Spiromesifen, Spirotetramat

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Classification by Chemical Family

Insecticides
Carbamates	Aldicarb · Bendiocarb · Carbaryl · Carbofuran · Ethienocarb · Fenoxycarb · Fenobucarb · Propoxur
Inorganic compounds	Aluminium phosphide · Boric acid · Chromated copper arsenate · Copper arsenate · Copper cyanide · Diatomaceous earth · Lead hydrogen arsenate · Paris Green · Scheele's Green
Organochlorides	Aldrin · Beta HCH · Carbon tetrachloride · Chlordane · Cyclodiene · 1,2DCB · 1,4DCB · 1,1DCE · 1,2DCE · DDD · DDE · DDT · Dicofol · Dieldrin · Endosulfan · Endrin · Heptachlor · Kepone · Lindane · Methoxychlor · Mirex · Tetradifon · Toxaphene
Organophosphorus	Acephate · Azinphos methyl · Bensulide · Chlorethoxyfos · Chlorfenvinphos · Chlorpyrifos · Chlorpyrifos methyl · Coumaphos · Demeton S methyl · Diazinon · Dicrotophos · Diisopropyl fluorophosphate · Dimethoate · Dioxathion · Disulfoton · Ethion · Ethoprop · Fenamiphos · Fenitrothion · Fenthion · Fosthiazate · Isoxathion · Malathion · Methamidophos · Methidathion · Mevinphos · Monocrotophos · Naled · Omethoate · Oxydemeton methyl · Parathion · Parathion methyl · Phorate · Phosalone · Phosmet · Phostebupirim · Phoxim · Pirimiphos methyl · Temefos · Terbufos · Tetrachlorvinphos · Tribufos · Trichlorfon
Pyrethroids	Allethrin · Bifenthrin · Bioallethrin · Cyhalothrin · Cypermethrin · Cyfluthrin · Deltamethrin · Empenthrin · Etofenprox · Fenvalerate · Imiprothrin · Permethrin · Phenothrin · Prallethrin · Pyrethrin · Pyrethrum · Resmethrin · Tetramethrin · Tralomethrin · Transfluthrin
Others	Acetamiprid · Amitraz · Azadirachtin · Chlordimeform · Chlorfenapyr · Clothianidin · Cyromazine · Diflubenzuron · Dinotefuran · Fenazaquin · Fipronil · Flufenoxuron · Hydramethylnon · Imidacloprid · Indoxacarb · Limonene · Lufenuron · Methoprene · Nitenpyram · Nithiazine · Pyridaben · Pyriprole · Pyriproxyfen · Ryanodine · Sesamex · Spinosad · Sulfluramid · Tebufenpyrad · Thiacloprid · Thiamethoxam · Veracevine · Xanthone
Metabolites	Oxon · Malaoxon · Paraoxon · TCPy

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Major Insectcides in Use

Carbofuran

- systemic insecticide

- inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase.

- group : Carbamate

- highly toxic to birds, vertebrates & humans

- banned in Canada, European Union; granular carbofuran banned in US

- Furadan®, Curater®.

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Chlorpyrifos

- group : Organophosphate

- inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase.

- first registered in 1965 by Dow Chemical Company as Dursban® and Lorsban®

- toxicity class : class II

- highly toxic to amphibians, fishes & bees

- Termicide®, Milex®

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Cypermethrin

- group : Pyrethroid

- used mainly in household to control cockroach, ant, and mosquito

- highly toxin to fish, bees & aquatic insects.

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λ-Cyhalothrin

- group : Pyrethroid

- Karate®

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Dimethoate

- Zagro Rogor L-40®

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Malathion

- group : Organophosphate

- relatively low human toxicity

- Malathion®.

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White oil

- MoA : blocking the trachea causing suffocation and death

- Alborol®



Source : Wikipedia, IRAC

Herbicide

Herbicide, commonly known as a weed killer, is a substance used to kill weed.

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A weed in a general sense is a plant that is considered as a plant in an undesired place, at an unwanted time. Weeds may be unwanted for a number of reasons : they might be unsightly, or crowd out or restrict light to more desirable plants or use limited nutrients from the soil. They can harbor and spread plant pathogens that infect and degrade the quality of crop or horticultural plants. Some weeds are nuisance because they have thorns or prickles, some have chemicals that cause skin irritation or tare hazardous if eaten, or have parts that come off and attach to fur or cloths

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Herbicides can be grouped by activity, use, chemical family, mode of action, or type of vegetation controlled.

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Classification by Activity :.

1.Contact

Destroy only the plant tissue in contact with the chemical. Generally, these are the fastest acting herbicides. They are less effective on perennial plants, which are able to regrow from rhizomes, roots or tubers.

2.Systemic

Translocated through the plant, either from foliar application down to the roots, or from soil application up to the leaves. They are capable of controlling perennial plants and may be slower acting but ultimately more effective than contact herbicides.

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Classification by Use :.

Soil-applied herbicides are applied to the soil and are taken up the roots of the target plant..

1.Pre-plant incorporated herbicides are applied prior to planting and mechanically incorporated into the soil. The objective for incorporation is to prevent dissipation through photodecomposition and/or volatility..

2.Pre-emergence herbicides are applied to the soil before crop emergence to prevent germination or early growth of weed seeds..

3.Post-emergence herbicides are applied after crop has emerged.

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Classification by Mechanism of Action.

The classification by mechanism of action ( MOA ) indicates the first enzyme, protein or biochemical step affected in the plant following application..

1.ACCase inhibitors

Acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase ( ACCase ) is part of the first step of lipid synthesis. Thus ACCase inhibitors affect cell membrane production in the meristems of grass plant. ACCase of dicot plants are not sensitive to these herbicides..

2.ALS inhibitors

Acetolactate synthase ( ALS ) enzyme, ( acetohydroxyacid synthase, AHAS ) is the first step in the synthesis of the branched-chain amino acid ( valine, leucine & isoleucine ). These herbicides slowly starve affected plants of these amino acids which eventually lead to inhibition of DNA synthesis.

ALS inhibitors affect both grasses and dicots.

ALS inhibitors includes : sulfonylureas ( SUs ), imidazolinones ( IMIs ), triazolopyrimidines ( TPs ), pyrimidinyl oxybnzoates ( POBs ), and sulfonyamino carbonyl triazolopyrimidines ( SCTs ).

ALS is a biological pathway that exists only in plants and not in animals, thus making the ALS inhibitors among the safest herbicides..

3.EPSPS inhibitors

The enolpyrubylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase enzyme ( EPSPS ) is used in the synthesis of the amino acids tryptophan, phenylalanine and tyrosine.

EPSPS inhibitors affect both grasses and dicots.

Glyphosate is a systemic EPSPS inhibitors, but inactivated by soil contact..

4.Photosystem II inhibitors

Photosystem II inhibitors reduce electron for from water to NADPH⁺ at the photochemical step in photosynthesis. They bind to the Qb site on the D1 protein, and prevent quinine from binding to this site. Therefore this group of compounds cause electrons to accumulate on chlorophyll molecules. As a consequence, oxidation reaction in excess of those normally tolerated by the cell occure, and the plant dies.

Triazine and diuron are photosystem II inhibitors..

5.Photosystem I inhibitors

Photosystem I inhibitors steal electron from the normal pathway through FeS – Fdx – NADP leading to direct discharge of electron on oxygen. As result, reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) are produced and oxidation reaction in excess of those normally tolerated by the cell occure leading to plant death.

Diquat, paraquat hit Fe – S – Fdx step.

Nitrofen, nitrofluorfen, acifluoren hit Fdx – NADP step..

6.Synthetic auxin

Synthetic auxin is effective in the control of dicot plants.

2,4-D is a synthetic auxin herbicide.

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Classification by Type of Chemical

Herbicides
Anilides/Anilines	Acetochlor · alachlor · asulam · butachlor · diethatyl · diflufenican · dimethenamid · flamprop · metazachlor · metolachlor · pendimethalin · pretilachlor · propachlor · propanil · trifluralin
Aromatic acids	Aminopyralid · chloramben · clopyralid · dicamba · picloram · pyrithiobac · quinclorac · quinmerac
Arsenicals	cacodylic acid · copper arsenate · DSMA · MSMA
Organophosphorus	bensulide · bilanafos · ethephon · fosamine · glufosinate · glyphosate · piperophos
Phenoxy	2,4D · 2,4DB · dichlorprop · fenoprop · MCPA · MCPB · 2,4,5-T
Pyridines	dithiopyr · fluroxypyr · imazapyr · thiazopyr · triclopyr
Quaternary	diquat · MPP · paraquat
Triazines	ametryn · atrazine · cyanazine · hexazinone · prometon ·prometryn · propazine · simazine · simetryn · terbuthylazine · terbutryn
Ureas	chlortoluron · DCMU · metsulfuron-methyl · monolinuron
Others	3AT · bromoxynil · clomazone · DCBN · dinoseb · juglone · methazole · metham sodium · sulfentrazone

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Major Herbicides in Use

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2,4,-D

- broadleaf selective, systemic herbicide

- group : phenoxy, synthetic auxin

- MoA : absorbed through leaves, translocate to meristem, increase growth rate

- developed during WW2 by researchers from Rothamsted Experimental Station, lead by Judah Hirsch Quastel

- trade name : Amine®, Rumputox®, Weedtox®

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DCMU

- broad-spectrum herbicide

- group : Urea

- MoA : photosystem II inhibitor

- released in 1954 by Bayer

- trade name : Diuron®

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Dicamba

- broad-sprectrum herbicide

- group : benzoic

- MoA : increase growth rate

- toxic to human being by ingestion and inhalation

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Glyphosate isopropylamine

- broad-sprectrum, systemic herbicide

- group : organophosphorus

- MoA : absorbed through leaves, translocate to meristem, EPSPS inhibitor

- developed in 1970 by John E. Franz for Monsanto

- Trade name : Roundup®, Spark®, BM Glyphosate 41®

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Glufosinate ammonium

- broad-spectrum, contact herbicide

- group : organophosphorus

- trade name : Basta®, Hallmark 15®, Bufos 135®,

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Paraquat dichloride

- broad-sprectrum, contact herbicide

- group : pyridine

- MoA : inhibit photosystem I

- toxic to human being by ingestion

- produced in 1961 by Sinon Corporation for ICI ( now Syngenta )

- BM Parawin 130® , Paranox 13®, CSH-Paraquat®

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Fluazifop-butyl

- grass-selective, systemic herbicide

- group : phenoxyl

- MoA : absorbed through leaves, acetyl CoA carboxylase inhibitor

- trade name : Fusilade®

Pesticide

Definitions

Pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest. A pesticide may be a poisonous chemical, chemo sterilants, attractants, repellent, defoliants, desiccants, growth regulators, biological agent, antimicrobial, disinfectant or device used against any pest.

Pest include insect, plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes, and microbes that destroy property , spread disease or are a vector for disease or cause a nuisance.

Pesticide can be classified by : target organism ( fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, algaecides, avicides, bactericides, miticides, molluscicides, nematicides, rodenticides, virucides, etc ) ; chemical structure ( organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, etc ) ; formulation ( aqueous solution, aerosol, bait, concentrated emulsion, dust, emulsion, wetable powder, granular etc ) ; biological mechanism ( systemic, contact, etc ) ; inorganic, synthetic, biological, etc

Toxicity Class

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Labeling

Akta Racun Makhluk Perosak 1974 ( AKTA 149 ) ( Pesticide Act 1974 ) states that Lembaga Racun Makhluk Perosak ( Pesticide Board ) is responsible for regulate the manufacture, import, registration and issuance of permit for pesticides in Malayisa.

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The following information can be found on a pesticides’ label:

trade name, eg. Paranox 13 ®

registrant, eg. Farmcochem Sdn Bhd

type of pesticide, eg. Herbicide

active ingredient & concentration, eg. Paraquat dichloride 13% w/w

formulation, eg. Soluble Concentrate ( SL )

LRMP registration no, eg. LRMP.R1/7854

toxicity class, eg. Kelas Ib

Fireflies at Kg Kuantan

Firefly is a type of insect of the family Lampyridae. Usually found in tropical regions, fireflies can be found all over the world. In Malaysia, the highest concentration of fireflies at any one location is found on the banks of the Sg Selangor at Kampung Kuantan. The species that thrived here is of the Peteroptyx tenor.

The main attraction of fireflies is the mesmerizing flashes of lights that fireflies produce. The light is actually produced through a chemical reaction, bioluminescence, inside a special organ known as the photic organ, located on the underside of the abdomen.

    Luciferin + ATP + Oxygen ® Oxyluciferin + AMP + Light   

Unlike the light that one normally sees, the light produced by the fireflies does not contain infrared or ultraviolet light..

The male fireflies emit light to attract the female in a protracted courtship ritual. Fireflies usually emulate each other’s pattern of flashing. This imitation ritual contagiously affects the whole colony, making the timing of the flashes synchronized..

A species of mangrove tree, the berembang, Sonneratia caseolaris, grows in profusion along most parts of Sg Selangor at Kampung Kuantan. The lower over-hanging branches of the berembang trees have always been a favourite of the fireflies. However, the fireflies don’t always congregate on berembang tress, they also seen resting on other trees.

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Life Circle of Firefly

A female firefly only lays about 15 -30 eggs in the laboratory. The eggs are small, pearl-like, round, and translucent. The eggs hatch after 15 – 30 days..

Newly-hatched larva measures a mere 2mm in length, translucent or whitish , turn to darker shade after it starts to feed. The larva is not able to twinkle, but it lets out a subdue glow..

The larva feeds mainly on the snail species Cyclotropis carinata. C. carinata is a small shell, approximately 7mm long. During the day, these snails can be found resting under rotting palm leaves and in between the grass around the swampy area along the riverbank. The snails are active at night, feeding on algae and rotting plants. .

When a firefly larvae comes across a snail, it will pierce the soft flesh with its jaws, injecting a toxic fluid to immobilize it.

.The larvae will go through a few instars until it grow up to 1cm long. The entire larvae stage takes a few to several months.

.The firefly’s pupa is a stage that is inactive. During this time the firefly undergo a complete transformation, of which it will finally emerge as an adult firefly. The pupal stage last only 9 – 12 days.

The adult firefly lives for only 4 – 5 weeks..

The overall life span for the whole life cycle of the firefly is between 6 – 7 months.